What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their use, and their mechanisms of action. This subject encompasses a range of topics from the classroom to the clinic. Medicines are agents that cure diseases and relieve pain or discomfort by changing a person's biochemistry or physiology. They may be prescribed by a physician in general medicine or they may be used over-the-counter. The term pharmacology can broadly encompass natural products such as plant extracts, traditional medicines from various cultures including African medicines, Indian Ayurveda and Chinese remedies. The term has been extended to include all biological drugs or substances that have medical effects "from traditional antipyretics to sophisticated new therapies for schizophrenia". Thus, in healthcare, pharmacology is "the discipline of using drugs in the treatment of diseases or to prevent disease". Pharmacology is a scientific discipline that encompasses various fields including physiology, pharmacognosy, pharmacology , toxicology, biodrug synthesis , biopharmaceutics, drug metabolism , drug action , medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences etc. This subject has been applied to the study of animal models for the development of drugs. Pharmacology is also applied to many non-pharmacological medical issues such as fertility and euthanasia. The scope of this article covers the principles and practice of the science of pharmacology. Pharmacology is a highly complex subject with several sub-branches. It has a long history and is interdisciplinary, involving dozens of species of plants, animals, and fungi. Thus it also involves a diverse range of biochemical tools, from modern high-speed chromatography, to remote analysis of enzymes by electrophoresis together with techniques such as fluorescence microscopy. In the past pharmacology was chiefly associated with the preparation and use of medicines as well as their toxicological effects on humans and animals. However today pharmacology is being applied to the study of infectious diseases such as AIDS , pregnancy termination , drug abuse etc. Pharmacology now encompasses much more than this traditional role and has become one of the largest branches in science . In the middle of the twentieth century pharmacology was divided into two areas, which were commonly known as the "classical" and "preclinical" phases. Pharmacology became increasingly chemical in its focus for this reason. This division is no longer recognized today. Pharmacology comprises many sub-branches including bioavailability, drug absorption, blood flow distribution , tissue distribution, metabolism , organ distribution , biotransformation , chemotherapeutics, etc. The study of drug action is called pharmacodynamics . Pharmacodynamics studies the effects not only of drugs on living organisms but also their effects on biological systems (cellular), organs (nervous, renal), or entire organisms (endocrine). Many aspects of pharmacology are not yet fully understood. Not just aspects of how drugs work, but also the effects of chemicals on biological systems are part of this study. Often, several aspects of pharmacology are studied in one project. For instance, if a drug were being tested for its affects on muscle tissues, then both peripheral nerves and muscle tissues would commonly be dissected in the process. Pharmacology research includes studies on both native cells, cell membranes isolated from body tissue , cell cultures grown in tissue culture , animals models, and other models which range from isolated tissue culture to computer-based simulation models. Pharmacology is often broken down into "mechanistic"and "clinical" categories.
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